All Other Types of Pain Articles

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Naltrexone as an Alternative Treatment

Chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis, is a long-term complicated illness with unknown causes that is characterized by at least six months of pain and fatigue. There is currently no cure for the illness and diagnosis can be difficult due to lack of testing with adequate sensitivity and specificity.

Pediatric Pain Management: A Review of Clinical Diagnosis and Management

While there have been advances in pain research and pain management in the pediatric patient population, many infants and children continue to suffer due to inadequate identification and relief of their pain.

Sickle Cell Pain Crisis: Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Oxygen

Clinical Application

The Complexity of Sickle Cell Pain: An Overview

with Susanna Curtis, MD

Multisite Pain May Be Associated with Fractures in the Elderly

with Don L. Goldenberg, MD

Endometriosis and its Misunderstood Etiology

Dr. Sawsan As Sanie of the Society for Women’s Health Research (SWHR) provides insight into a recent report showcasing barriers to diagnosing and treating endometriosis.

Case Report: Managing Chronic Pelvic Pain in Men

Pelvic floor physical therapy is used to treat chronic pelvic pain in a male patient. Plus: how a thorough MSK exam and a multidisciplinary approach can improve outcome.

Exploring Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome on Female Sexual Function

UCPPS patients may have a higher risk for dyspareunia and other sexual dysfunctions.

MSK Pain: Time for an Enhanced Assessment Model

Too much imaging: a perspective on what needs to change regarding the assessment of musculoskeletal pain conditions, using back pain as an example.

Utility of Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation in Xiphodynia

A first-look case report demonstrates that RFA, compared to standard care approaches, may relieve long-term pain for patients with xiphodynia.

Targeting Nerves Provides Alternative to Opioids for Joint Arthroplasty

A look at two novel approaches: continuous femoral nerve blocks and cryoneurolysis.

Research Insights: Impaired Motor Imagery in Chronic Pain Conditions

Patients with chronic pain affecting the face and/or limbs may have impaired motor imagery but findings are not as clear-cut for spine and neck pain.

A Primer on Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

This genetic connective tissue disorder is featured by loose joints and stretchy skin, among other symptoms.

Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin Show Shorter Time to Onset of Musculoskeletal Adverse Events Than Other Statins

In pain patients with high levels of LDL cholesterol, findings could lead to better choice of statins.

Seeking to Uncover the Genetic Cause of Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

The Ehlers-Danlos Society announces research efforts into hEDS biomarkers.

New Endometriosis Report Highlights its Misunderstood Etiology

Expert panel showcases barriers to both diagnosing and treating the painful, chronic pelvic condition of endometriosis.

Overlooked Etiology of Chronic Abdominal Pain

Carnett’s sign may be a useful diagnostic tool.

Hydrodissection for the Treatment of Abdominal Pain Caused by Post-Operative Adhesions

Ultrasound-guided hydrodissection provided relief of painful abdominal adhesions that appeared after multiple breast surgeries.

6 Commonly Used Performance Tests in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain

A look at the minimum clinically important differences of the 6MWT, 1MSCT, and JAM for assessing musculoskeletal conditions.

Biomarkers Predict First-Line Treatment Response for Endometriosis

Results could lead to better targeted medications and positive outcomes.

Non-Pharmacological Methods for Chronic Prostate and Pelvic Pain

A look at a few non-pharmacological options for the treatment of men with chronic pelvic pain.

Military Members with Trauma History at Increased Risk of Chronic Conditions

Sexual trauma in particular was of major concern for the risks of chronic pain conditions.

Pain Control for Athletes: What Works?

Athletes can often fight through their pain to compete, which makes their pain control so unique. Tips for PM&R and other pain practitioners.

New Estradiol Vaginal Insert Product Available for Dyspareunia

Imvexxy 4 mcg dose is now commercially available in the United States.

Therapy Reduces Spasticity-Related Pain from Stroke in New Study

ITB Therapy with Lioresal Intrathecal (baclofen injection) reduces spasticity-related pain and improves quality of life.

The Need for Better Responses to Vulvar Pain

The challenges of treating women with vulvodynia and chronic vulvar pain.

Post-Menopausal MSK Pain and Quality of Life

Post-menopausal women are prone to experience musculoskeletal pain and sleep disturbance. Researchers examine why.

Chronic Pelvic Pain: The Need for Earlier Diagnosis and Diverse Treatment

Chronic pelvic pain from endometriosis is often misunderstood and presents many clinical challenges.

Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid for the Management of Neuropathic Pelvic Pain

Injection techniques for targeting chronic neuropathic pelvic pain caused by endometriosis.

ORILISSA Approved for Moderate to Severe Endometriosis Pain

ORILISSA is the first FDA-approved treatment for moderate to severe pain associated with endometriosis in over a decade.

Trial Shows L-Glutamine Leads to Fewer Instances of Sickle Cell-Related Pain

Oxidative stress contributes to the complex pathophysiology of sickle cell disease, influencing sickle cell-related pain.

Study Finds Fatigue a Frequent Symptom of Endometriosis

Researchers find that women with endometriosis are twice as likely to have fatigue than those without endometriosis.

Vaginal Atrophy and Chronic Pain

Common dryness and other symptoms associated with vaginal atrophy may be alleviated with topical oxytocin gel

Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome in Pediatrics

Rise in diagnoses and costs point to need for more research, treatment methods for Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS) in pediatric population

New Jersey to Allow Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain, Migraines

An expansion of treatment means more options for migraine and musculoskeletal pain sufferers.

Ehlers-Danlos Society to Pursue $1 Million Genomic Research

A search for the underlying genetics and gene expression abnormalities may improve diagnostics and treatment of Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes.

Neurocognitive Disorders: Pain Expression in the Face of Mental Deficits

Patients with comorbid chronic pain and dementia are best managed with a collaborative multidisciplinary team.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: An Emerging Challenge for Pain Management

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is an emerging pain disorder that requires attentiveness to diagnose and treat.

Sleep-Wake Disorders and Chronic Pain: Reciprocal and Interactive Effects

Sleep disorders and chronic pain are bidirectional and interactive and often co-exist.

Comorbid Pain and Childhood Obesity

Examining the interrelationship between childhood obesity and chronic pain, and the impact these comorbidities play in pain conditions.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Chronic Pain: Is Pain Insensitivity a Myth?

Patients with schizophrenia do feel pain. The notion of pain insensitivity is not accurate--rather patient with schizophrenia may experience disturbed or distorted, rather than, an absence of pain.

Pain in Parkinson’s Disease: A Spotlight on Women

Dr. Jori Fleisher, assistant professor of neurology at NYU Langone Medical Center, discusses the way women with Parkinson's disease experience pain.

Somatic Symptom Disorder: DSM-5's Removal of Mind-Body Separation

A newly conceptualize diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder, removing the mind-body separation, in the DSM-5; this updated terminology is the focus of this month's A to Z Mental Health Series.

Letters to the Editor: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Arachnoiditis

Letters to the Editor: Elvis Presley may have had Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Howard Hughes may have had Marfan's syndrome, but diagnosis is difficult. Adhesive arachnoiditis is an inflammation of the central nervous system.

Chronic Pain and Bipolar Disorders: A Bridge Between Depression and Schizophrenia Spectrum

Learn more about how to diagnose and treat comorbid bipolar disorders and pain.

The Association Between Depressive Disorder and Chronic Pain

Gaining a better understanding of the association between depression and chronic pain; the first column in a monthly series on mental health and chronic pain.

People With Sickle Cell Trait at Greater Risk of Rhabdomyolysis

African American soldiers with sick cell trait are at higher risk of developing exertional rhabdomyolysis.

Fibromyalgia and Coexisting Chronic Pain Syndromes

Fibromyalgia is associated with many somatic symptoms, including fatigue, gastrointestinal complaints, and headaches.

Preventing Chronic Overuse Sports Injuries

Q: What are the most common chronic overuse sports injuries? Dr. Pinzon: The majority of the injuries are, at least in my practice, primarily running and endurance sports injuries.

Achilles Tendon Injuries

Learn more about the diagnosis and management of Achilles tendon injuries. The authors review conservative therapy options to reduce pain and improve function.

Brain Trauma in Sports

Learn how sports-related brain trauma from repeated concussions can produce long-term pain and dysfunctions, including insomnia, anxiety, and depression.

Addison’s Original 1855 Cases Reveal Stories of Chronic Pain

Forest Tennant, MD, DrPH explores the original writings of Thomas Addison, MD, (Addison's Disease) to detail stories of chronic pain and adrenal failure.

Insomnia: Medical Treatments

Pharmaceutical Medications There are four types of drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help treat insomnia: benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines, melatonin receptor agonist, and antidepressants.

Differentiating Insomnia and Depression in Chronic Pain Therapy

Insomnia and depression often are considered comorbidities of chronic pain. However, insomnia should be considered its own entity. Learn more about differentiating pain, insomnia, and depression.

Untreated Pelvic Pain Common Among Young Women

One-third of women without a known pelvic condition reported high degree of pain. Researchers suggest physicians consider asking about pain, even during routine visits.

Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain

Chronic pelvic pain is a prevalent disorder that is often underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. Learn more about tips to aid in the differential diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain and the role of pelvic floor physical therapy in treating the many types of chronic pelvic pain.

Chronic Pain and Falls

People with chronic pain are prone to frequent falls. Learn more about what is the incidence, who is at risk, and why do they occur?

Pain Catastrophizing: What Clinicians Need to Know

Most clinicians are unfamiliar with the term pain catastrophizing. Without treatment, patients who catastrophize about their pain are at higher risk for developing chronic pain and disability. Learn more about this important psychological component of pain.

Disturbed Sleep: Causes and Treatments

In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5, sleep-wake disorders encompass 10 conditions manifested by disturbed sleep, distress, and impairment in daytime functioning.1 Sleep disorders include insomnia, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, and breathing-related disorders (obstructive sleep apnea).

Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation, Treatment, and Rehabilitation

Traumatic brain injury, or concussion, can leave a person with lifelong symptoms. In this segment, specialists in 3 areas discuss TBI-induced cellular damage to the brain and the management of its sequalae.

Pain and Sleep: Understanding the Interrelationship

There is a growing awareness that sound restorative sleep is important to allow the pain patient to cope with persistent discomfort on a daily basis. Recent evidence indicates that pain and sleep have a reciprocal, interdependent relationship. In addition, recent research has established that poor sleep can predict pain in certain conditions and that poor sleep compounds the pain experience.

Glial Cell Activation and Neuroinflammation: How They Cause Centralized Pain

Glial cell activation and neuroinflammation are the underlying causes of centralized pain and its associated comorbidities, including depression, fatigue, and insomnia.

News Briefs

Delirium in the elderly, use of opioids following surgery, improved prosthetics, and epigentics

Use of Ultrasound in Detection Of Rotator Cuff Tears

Shoulder pain represents a significant portion of musculoskeletal injuries. Rotator cuff injuries, in particular, can be painful and debilitating, leading to chronic disability and job loss.

The Slipping Rib Syndrome: An Overlooked Cause of Abdominal Pain

This series of cases illustrates the authors’ experiences of using intercostal nerve blocks and local infiltration of anesthetics to diagnose and treat this obscure syndrome.

Traumatic Brain Injury: Treatment of Post-traumatic Headaches

Dr. John Claude Krusz discusses the biomechanics and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injuries, as well as their symptoms: post-concussion syndrome, post-traumatic headache, and migraine.

Elvis Presley: Head Trauma, Autoimmunity, Pain, and Early Death

Dr. Forest Tennant delves into Elvis Presley's medical records to uncover underlying head trauma, autoimmune disease, and pain that may have contributed to his untimely death.

Why Podiatric Medicine Must Embrace Pain Management

In essence, doctors of podiatric medicine are pain management specialists, albeit in a very different way.

Reducing Musculoskeletal Disorders Through Ergonomics

The science of ergonomics is an approach that aims to fit the workplace conditions and requirements to the worker--instead of the other way around.

What Every Physician Should Know About Non-pharmaceutical Pediatric Pain Care

This article discusses how to assess and measure chronic pain in pediatric patients and examines the various complementary therapies used in treatment.

Management of Prenatal Low Back Pain

Article explores a range of causes and treatments of prenatal low back pain.

Suicide and Suffering In the Elderly: We Must Do Better

PPM Editor in Chief Dr. Forest Tennant discusses suffering and suicide attempts in elderly pain patients.

Perioperative Pain Management in the Opioid-tolerant Elderly Patient: Case Challenge

Case challenge on how to manage perioperative pain in an opioid-tolerant elderly patient. How would you treat this patient who is going to have total knee arthroplasty?

Sudden, Unexpected Death in Chronic Pain Patients

PPM Editor in Chief-authored article about sudden, unexpected death in patients with chronic pain.

“Centralized Pain”: A New Consensus Phrase

Editor's memo from Practical Pain Management: Should we be using the phrase "centralized pain" in the pain field?

The Comorbidity of Chronic Pain and Mental Health Disorders: How to Manage Both

One of the most successful treatment models for comorbid pain and mental health disorders is a program based on the biopsychosocial model, which takes into account physical, mental health, and social issues. Learn more about how this model works and if you should use it with your chronic pain patients.

Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Patients With Sleep Disorders and Pain

Many pain management practitioners realize there is a critical connection between pain and sleep. But how best to treat these pain patients?

Pain and Sleep: A Delicate Balance

The prevalence of chronic pain and the presence of a sleep disorder depend on a number of factors, including the type of pain, the age of the patient, gender, and the existence of comorbid conditions such as depression.

PPM Editorial Board Outlines Management Strategies for Chronic Pain Patients With Insomnia

Educate, Then Let Patient Choose C. Norman Shealy, MD, PhD Fair Grove, MO As with all medical problems, I list the best options I see and then let the patient choose. Here are some of the measures typically discussed:

Etiology of Chronic Pain and Mental Illness: How To Assess Both

Chronic pain is associated with high rates of mental health disorders. The comorbid relationship between chronic pain and these disorders has been identified in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP), chronic work-related musculoskeletal pain disability, chronic arthritis, headache/migraine, temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), upper extremity disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and a heterogeneous chronic pain group.

Management of Insomnia: Considerations For Patients With Chronic Pain

Sleep is a vital physiologic process, and notable reductions in sleep can have negative physiologic, cognitive, and emotional effects. Article covers treating chronic pain-related insomnia.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder And Patients With Pain

Along with anxiety and depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common comorbidity among patients with chronic pain. Review from a pain specialist of handling this pain comorbidity.

Insomnia in Chronic Pain Patients

The editor of Practical Pain Management discuses dealing with chronic pain patients who also suffer from insomnia, a common pain co-morbidity.

Teenage Boy With Multiple Pain Disorders

Case presented of a teenage boy and his mother who has mild factitious disorder by proxy (FDP). Pain management specialist discusses how to treat this psychological condition.

Pain Following Combat Trauma In the 21st Century: A New Look at an Old Problem

Practical Pain Management spoke with the authors of the Army's Pain Management Task Force Reprt to discuss some of the lessons learned from the current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as why pain management is an important military issue.

The Hip Replacement Patient

Dr. Forest Tennant discusses the case of a 60-year-old woman who developed chronic pain after a hip replacement surgery. What should be done for her? What can we learn from her case?

Managing Morton’s Entrapment

Of the most common foot conditions treated by clinicians today, none is probably more misunderstood than Morton’s entrapment. Article discusses treatments for Morton's entrapment.

Pain Management Dilemmas of Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell disease can cause significant pain. Article covers pain mechanism and possible treatments for pain caused by sickle cell disease.

Giving Severe and Chronic Pain a Name: Maldynia

Research over the past decade clearly shows that severe or chronic pain leads to abnormal changes in the brain and spinal cord. Central neurologic mechanisms may prolong the experience of pain, even after the inciting factor resolves. Author suggest maldynia as the name for this pain.

Dislocated Shoulder: Approaches to Lessen The Pain of Reduction Techniques

The extensive mobility of the glenohumeral joint lends itself to frequent injury, particularly anterior shoulder dislocations. Many reduction techniques are available, including the Milch, Kocher, Stimson, and Bosley techniques. If one technique fails, physicians can switch to another technique without having to reposition the patient, thus avoiding additional pain.

Electrical Me

Read what a pain patient experiences following an aircraft accident -- and what she calls "bizarre sensations." Important patient perspective for any pain management specialist to read.

Case Presentation of Munchausen Syndrome

Following epidural analgesia in a chronic pain patient, an occurrence of thoracic epidural abscess led to a finding of Munchausen Syndrome.

Non-pharmacologic Therapy for Chronic Opioid-dependent Sickle Cell Pain

A discussion of non-pharmacologic treatments for chronic opioid-dependent patients who have sickle cell pain.

Chronic Overuse Sports Injuries

The evaluation and management of chronic overuse sports/athletic injuries is one of the most pervasive concerns in sports medicine today. Learn more about treating sports/overuse injuries.

Treating Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

This article discusses treatment of neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis and explains how patients demonstrated improvement using the oral synthetic cannabinoid nabilone.

Identifica tion and Management of Cardiac -Adrenal-Pain Syndrome

Severe, chronic, under-treated pain may produce cardiac and adrenal complications that, in some pain patients, can lead to premature death.

Diagnosing and Managing Interstitial Cystitis

New research suggests interstitial cystitis (IC), a painful bladder disorder, is quite prevalent in the general population. Learn about this type of chronic pelvic pain in this article.

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction A Treatment Update

Article highlights treatment modalities for pelvic floor dysfunction and chronic pelvic pain. Discussion of electric neuromodulation is included.

Pain from Muscular Dysfunction

An introductory view of surface electromyography methodology in the investigation and rehabilitation of dysfunctional and painful axial skeleton muscles.

Treating Muscular Dysfunction of Upper Limbs

This article discusses treatment of muscular dysfunction of upper limbs and provides an overview of the surface electromyography (SEMG) approach to the investigation of muscular dysfunction and rehabilitation of upper limb muscles.

Tiredness and Chronic Pain Management

Understanding and treating the causes and symptoms of tiredness among chronic pain sufferers helps clinicians restore alertness and vitality, increase mental and physical activity, minimize depression and apathy, and optimize pain management.

Complications of Uncontrolled, Persistent Pain

Persistent, unremitting pain may adversely affect the body's endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, neurologic and musculo-skeletal systems and require aggressive treatment of the pain as well as the resulting complications.

Diagnosis and Management of Generalized Vulvodynia

The prevalence of generalized vulvodynia may have been historically under-recognized by the medical profession. Article on this type of chronic pelvic pain.

Cardiovascular Consequences of Severe Acute Pain

Insufficiently-treated severe acute pain has been observed to have multifactorial, deleterious effects — direct and indirect — on the cardiovascular system.

Blockades for Sympathetically Maintained Pain (SMP)

To optimize the outcome following sympathetic blockade, accurate diagnosis of sympathetically maintained pain (SMP) should be made.

TENS in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)—as a treatment modality for primary dysmenorrhea—can act as a pain relief mechanism for women with painful menstrual cramps.

Chronic Insomnia and Pain

Under-reported and under-treated, chronic insomnia coexists with and perpetuates chronic pain. Article describes treatment of this pain comorbidity.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome as a Neuropathic Condition

Characterized by hand and wrist pain, carpal tunnel syndrome is a symptomatic distal median nerve neuropathy at the wrist and is the most commonly encountered entrapment neuropathy.

Breaking Down the Barriers of Pain: Part 5

Medication reviews of drugs used to treat musculoskeletal pain.

Breaking Down the Barriers of Pain: Part 1

There is widespread recognition that musculoskeletal and chronic pain conditions are poorly diagnosed and treated, leading to chronic disability, risk for drug dependence and depression, dissatisfaction with the medical profession and epidemic costs.

Breaking Down the Barriers of Pain: Part 3

Part three of a series discussing clinical presentation, exam, and treatment options for a variety of chronic conditions, including CRPS/RSD and migraines.

Breaking Down the Barriers of Pain: Part 2

Source-of-pain physical examinations, diagnoses, and treatment options are reviewed in part two of a series on chronic pain.

A Good Night’s Rest

Insomnia is a common comorbidity with chronic pain. How do you help your pain patients get a good night's sleep?

Breaking Down the Barriers of Pain: Part 4

Part four of a series reviews fibromyalgia and somatoform pain disorder tests and treatment options.

The Pain and Sleep Relationship

This article discusses the pain and sleep relationship as well as how CPAP and oral appliances offer hope for many pain patients who have sleep disorders.

Therapy for Management of Childbirth Perineal Tears and Post-Partum Pain

Gynecological pain can impose physical limitations on new mothers, making child-care, sitting, walking, and other activities extremely difficult and painful.

Treat the Pain... Save a Heart

Although severe pain can have profound and negative impacts on the cardiovascular (CV) system, this complication has received scant attention. Pain may affect the CV system by multiple mechanisms, and sudden CV death may occur in chronic pain patients who experience a severe pain flare.

Pain Management in Patients with Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an uncommon ulcerative cutaneous condition. Article covers treatment strategies, especially pain management, as well as giving case reports.

Treatment of Painful Cutaneous Wounds

Article discusses treatment of painful cutaneous wounds. Comprehensive management and pain control are critical for patients with chronic wounds in order to improve outcomes and speed healing.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Pain Phenomena

The primary focus when helping traumatic brain injury pain patients should be understanding the diagnoses, recognizing pain, assisting with pain relief, and providing the opportunity to improve function.

Sphenopalatine Ganglion Neuralgia Diagnosis and Treatment

The sphenopalatine ganglion has been infrequently implicated in vague symptoms of the head, face, gums, teeth, neck and back since the early 1900s. Testing of the ganglion may be necessary when there is headache or dental pain that is otherwise undiagnosed.

Dextrose Prolotherapy Injections for Chronic Ankle Pain

In this retrospective observational study of chronic unresolved ankle pain, Hackett-Hemwall dextrose prolotherapy helped promote a measurable decrease in the pain and stiffness of the treated joints and improvement in clinically-relevant parameters.

Brain Atrophy with Chronic Pain: A Call for Enhanced Treatment

This article explains how chronic pain can cause brain atrophy, and altered neurochemistry and sensory function of the central nervous system.

Comorbidity of Musculoskeletal Injury Pain and PTSD

A biopsychosocial approach is best suited for assessment and treatment of traumatic musculoskeletal pain with concomitant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Post-traumatic Headaches, Migraines, and Sleep Disorders

Most, if not all, post-concussion symptoms are quite treatable and can often make a dramatic difference in the quality of life for a chronic pain patient recovering from traumatic brain injury.

Neuroma Pain of the Foot Successfully Managed with Laser Therapy

Using exclusive laser treatment, a foot neuroma case (for a patient that was not effectively treated by conventional medicine) was resolved to a pain-free state over the course of six weeks. Article covers this complementary treatment option for chronic pain patients.

Post-stroke Pain

A clinical history and physical examination with judicious use of appropriate diagnostic modalities are mandatory in identifying what is the likely pain in stroke survivors.

Dextrose Prolotherapy for Unresolved Wrist Pain

This retrospective observational study of patients with unresolved wrist pain noted improvements in many quality of life parameters after Hackett-Hemwall dextrose prolotherapy.

Co-Morbid States Are the Rule—Not the Exception—in Pain Practice

Depression, anxiety, coping, somatization, sleeplessness, and hypochondriasis are prevalent in the chronic pain population and, left untreated, are associated with greater risk for poor outcomes.

Chronic Persistent Pain Can Kill

Case report of a male patient whose death was hastened by chronic pain.

Dysfunction and Rehabilitation of the Shoulder

Considerations of muscular relationships in pain management based on Surface Electromyographic (SEMG) Studies. Focuses on shoulder pain/shoulder dysfunction.

Chronic Pain and Co-Morbid Brain Injury From IED Trauma

Case presentation of a US veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom following injuries from two consecutive Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs).

Prolotherapy for Musculoskeletal Pain

A primer for pain management physicians on the mechanism of action and indications for use.

Practice Patterns of Clinicians Treating Vulvar Pain

Expert opinion is an important source of information for clinicians hoping to treat this condition efficiently and effectively.

Treating Muscular Dysfunction of Lower Limbs

An SEMG view of investigation of muscular dysfunction and rehabilitation of the lower limb muscles.

Head Region Neuropathies

As part of a differential diagnosis of pain associated with tooth, gum, tongue, palate, or face, the potential presence of neuropathies should also be considered before performing irreversible procedures.